src/test/gaussian.c
Transcritical flow over a bump with multiple layers
This test case is similar to transcritical.c but using simpler (and more physical) boundary conditions. Both hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic solutions are obtained. The non-hydrostatic solution is compared with a DNS solution using the Navier-Stokes/VOF solver.
More details are given in Popinet (2019).
#include "grid/multigrid1D.h"
#if STVT
# include "saint-venant.h"
#else // !STVT
# include "layered/hydro.h"
# if !HYDRO
# include "layered/nh.h"
# endif
# include "layered/remap.h"
# include "layered/perfs.h"
#endif // !STVT
The primary parameters are the flow rate, water level, viscosity and bump amplitude.
#define QL 1.
#define HR 0.6
#define NU 1e-2
#define BA 0.4
int main()
{
The domain is 30 meters long.
L0 = 30.;
G = 9.81;
N = 512; // less damping with 1024
The viscosity is set to NU and 20 layers are used to discretise vertically.
nu = NU;
nl = 20; // going to 30 changes very little
run();
}
Initialisation and boundary conditions
We create a field hc to check convergence on h.
scalar hc[];
The inflow is a parabolic profile with a total flow rate Q. The function below computes the height zc of the middle of the layer and returns the corresponding velocity.
#if STVT
double uleft (Point point, scalar s, double Q)
{
double zc = zb[];
for (int l = 0; l < s.l; l++)
zc += layer[l]*h[];
zc += layer[s.l]*h[]/2.;
return 3./2.*Q/h[]*(1. - sq(zc/h[] - 1.));
}
#else
double uleft (Point point, scalar s, double Q)
{
double H = 0.;
int l = 0;
double zc = zb[];
for (scalar h in hl) {
H += h[];
if (l++ < s.l)
zc += h[];
}
scalar h = hl[s.l];
zc += h[]/2.;
return 3./2.*Q/H*(1. - sq(zc/H - 1.));
}
#endif
We initialise the topography and the initial thickness of each layer h.
event init (i = 0) {
foreach() {
zb[] = BA*exp(- sq(x - 10.)/5.);
hc[] = HR - zb[];
#if STVT
h[] = hc[];
#else
for (scalar h in hl)
h[] = hc[]/nl;
#endif
}
The height of the free-surface \eta is imposed on the right boundary.
eta[right] = dirichlet(HR);
Boundary conditions are set for the inflow velocity and the outflow of each layer.
for (vector u in ul) {
u.n[left] = dirichlet (uleft (point, _s, QL*(t < 10. ? t/10. : 1.)));
u.n[right] = neumann(0.);
}
#if STVT
h[right] = dirichlet(HR);
#else
for (scalar h in hl) {
h[right] = dirichlet (HR/nl);
}
#endif
In the non-hydrostatic case, a boundary condition is required for the non-hydrostatic pressure \phi of each layer.
#if !HYDRO && !STVT
for (scalar phi in phil) {
phi[right] = dirichlet(0.);
}
#endif
}
We can optionally add horizontal viscosity.
#if 0
event viscous_term (i++)
{
// add horizontal viscosity (small influence)
vector u;
scalar w;
for (u,w in ul,wl) {
scalar d2u[];
foreach()
d2u[] = (u.x[1] + u.x[-1] - 2.*u.x[])/sq(Delta);
foreach()
u.x[] += dt*nu*d2u[];
foreach()
d2u[] = (w[1] + w[-1] - 2.*w[])/sq(Delta);
foreach()
w[] += dt*nu*d2u[];
}
boundary ((scalar *)ul);
boundary ((scalar *)wl);
}
#endif
We check for convergence.
event logfile (t += 0.1; i <= 100000) {
#if STVT
double dh = change (h, hc);
#else
scalar H[];
foreach() {
H[] = 0.;
for (scalar h in hl)
H[] += h[];
}
double dh = change (H, hc);
#endif
if (i > 0 && dh < 1e-5)
return 1;
}
Uncomment this part if you want on-the-fly animation.
#if 0
event gnuplot (i += 20) {
static FILE * fp = popen ("gnuplot 2> /dev/null", "w");
if (i == 0)
fprintf (fp, "set term x11\n");
fprintf (fp,
"set title 'nl = %d, t = %.2f'\n"
"p [%g:%g][0:]'-' u 1:3:2 w filledcu lc 3 t '',"
" '' u 1:(-1):3 t '' w filledcu lc -1", nl, t,
X0, X0 + L0);
int i = 4;
for (scalar h in hl)
fprintf (fp, ", '' u 1:%d w l lw 2 t ''", i++);
fprintf (fp, "\n");
foreach_leaf() {
double H = 0.;
for (scalar h in hl)
H += h[];
fprintf (fp, "%g %g %g", x, zb[] + H, zb[]);
double z = zb[];
for (scalar h in hl) {
fprintf (fp, " %g", z);
z += h[];
}
fprintf (fp, "\n");
}
fprintf (fp, "e\n\n");
// fprintf (fp, "pause 0.05\n");
fflush (fp);
}
#endif
Outputs
At the end of the simulation we save the profiles.
event profiles (t += 5)
{
foreach_leaf() {
#if STVT
double H = h[];
#else
double H = 0.;
for (scalar h in hl)
H += h[];
#endif
fprintf (stderr, "%g %g %g\n", x, zb[] + H, zb[]);
}
fprintf (stderr, "\n\n");
}
We also save the velocity and non-hydrostatic pressure fields.
event output (t = end)
{
#if HYDRO
scalar * wl = NULL;
for (scalar h in hl) {
scalar w = new scalar;
wl = list_append (wl, w);
}
vertical_velocity (wl);
foreach() {
double wm = 0.;
scalar h, w;
for (h,w in hl,wl) {
double w1 = w[];
w[] = (w1 + wm)/2.;
wm = w1;
}
}
boundary (wl);
#endif // HYDRO
foreach_leaf() {
double z = zb[];
vector u = ul[0];
#if HYDRO
scalar w = wl[0], h = hl[0];
printf ("%g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[]);
for (u,h,w in ul,hl,wl) {
z += h[];
printf ("%g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[]);
}
#elif STVT
scalar w = wl[0];
printf ("%g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[]);
int l = 0;
for (u,w in ul,wl) {
z += layer[l++]*h[];
printf ("%g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[]);
}
#else // !STVT
scalar w = wl[0], h = hl[0], phi = phil[0];
printf ("%g %g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[], phi[]);
for (u,h,w,phi in ul,hl,wl,phil) {
z += h[];
printf ("%g %g %g %g %g\n", x, z, u.x[], w[], phi[]);
}
#endif // !STVT
printf ("\n");
}
#if HYDRO
delete (wl), free (wl);
#endif
printf ("# end = %g\n", t);
}
Results
We compare the hydrostatic results obtained with the layered solver and those obtained with the Saint-Venant multilayer code.
set yr [0.5:1.2]
set xlabel 'x'
set ylabel 'z'
plot '../gaussian-hydro/log' u 1:2 w l t 'Multilayer', \
'../gaussian-stvt/log' u 1:2 w l t 'De Vita et al.'
Evolution of the free surface (hydrostatic). (script)
The results which follow are obtained with the non-hydrostatic solver.
plot 'log' u 1:2 w l t ''
Evolution of the free surface (non-hydrostatic) (script)
We compare the results obtained with the layered solver to those obtained with the Navier-Stokes VOF solver (and without metric).
plot 'log' w l t 'Multilayer', \
'../../examples/gaussian-ns/log' w l t 'Navier-Stokes VOF'
Evolution of the free surface for both solvers (script)
plot 'log' index 13 w l t 'Multilayer', \
'../../examples/gaussian-ns/log' index 'prof70' w l t 'Navier-Stokes VOF', \
'gaussian.nometric' w l t 'no metric'
Final free surface profiles (script)
set term PNG enhanced font ",15" size 2048,512
set yr [0:1.2]
set output 'vel.png'
set pm3d
set pm3d map interpolate 10,4
unset key
# jet colormap
set palette defined ( 0 0 0 0.5647, 0.125 0 0.05882 1, 0.25 0 0.5647 1, \
0.375 0.05882 1 0.9333, 0.5 0.5647 1 0.4392, 0.625 1 0.9333 0, 0.75 1 0.4392 0, \
0.875 0.9333 0 0, 1 0.498 0 0 )
set contour base
set cntrparam levels discrete 0
set cntrlabel onecolor
set cntrparam bspline
splot 'out' u 1:2:3 lt 3 lc rgb "#ffffff" lw 2

Horizontal velocity field (script)
set term PNG enhanced font ",15" size 2048,512
set output 'w.png'
# set cbrange [-0.1:0.1]
unset contour
splot 'out' u 1:2:4

Vertical velocity field (script)
set term PNG enhanced font ",15" size 2048,512
set output 'phi.png'
# set cbrange [-0.2:0.35]
splot 'out' u 1:2:5

Non-hydrostatic pressure (script)