# Viscoelastic 2D drop in a Couette Newtonian shear flow

This problem has been used as benchmark (see for example Chinyoka et al. (2005)). Equations are usually made dimensionless with the outer density ${\rho }_{2}$, the droplet radius $a$ and the shear rate $\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }$. The following dimensionless parameters appear $We=\frac{{\rho }_{2}{a}^{3}{\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }}^{2}}{\sigma },\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}Re=\frac{{\rho }_{2}{a}^{2}\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }}{{\mu }_{2}},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}{\mu }_{r}=\frac{{\mu }_{1}}{{\mu }_{2}},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}m=\frac{{\rho }_{1}}{{\rho }_{2}},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}\beta =\frac{{\mu }_{s}}{{\mu }_{1}},\phantom{\rule{1em}{0ex}}De=\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }\lambda$ where subscript “1” and “2” stand for the droplet and matrix fluid respectively and ${\mu }_{s}$ is the solvent viscosity. Note that the polymeric viscosity is ${\mu }_{p}={\mu }_{1}-{\mu }_{s}$.

``````#include "navier-stokes/centered.h"
#include "two-phase.h"
#include "log-conform.h"
#include "tension.h"

#define Ca 0.6     // Capillary number
#define Re 0.3     // Reynold number
#define We (Ca*Re) // Weber number
#define MUr 1.     // ratio of outer(matrix) to inner(drop) viscosity
#define M 1.       // ratio of outer to inner density
#define Deb 0.4    // Deborah number
#define Β 0.5   // ratio of the solvent visc. to the total viscoelastic visc.``````

We set a maximum level of 8 only so that the test case runs in less than 30 minutes but note that the results presented below are for MAXLEVEL = 9.

``````int MAXLEVEL = 8;

scalar mupd[], lam[];``````

The top and bottom boundary conditions are those of a Couette flow.

``````u.t[top] = dirichlet (y);
u.t[bottom] = dirichlet (y);``````

The domain is a 16x16 box which will be masked later to a bottom-left corner of the domain of coordinates ($x=-8,y=-4$). We set a maximum timestep of 0.1

``````int main() {
L0 = 16 ;
origin (-L0/2, -L0/4.);
periodic (right);
DT = .1;``````

We set the viscosities, densities, surface tension and visco-elastic parameters according to the analysis above.

``````  mu1 = MUr*Β/Re;
mu2 = 1./Re;
rho1 = M;
rho2 = 1.;
f.σ = 1./We;
λ = lam;
mup = mupd;

init_grid (1 << MAXLEVEL);
run();
}

event init (i = 0) {``````

We mask above $y>4$. The computational domain is now a 16x8 rectangle with the origin in the center.

``  mask (y > 4 ? top : none);``

As initial conditions we set a viscoelastic droplet of radius 1 and a linear velocity profile typical of the Couette flow.

``````  fraction (f, 1. - (sq(x) + sq(y)));
foreach()
u.x[] = y;
boundary ((scalar *){u});
}``````

The event below set viscoelastic properties at each step. The dimensionless relaxation parameter is the Deborah number, $De$, while the dimensionless polymeric viscosity ${\mu }_{p}$ is $\frac{{\mu }_{p}}{{\rho }_{2}{a}^{2}\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }}=\frac{{\mu }_{1}-\beta {\mu }_{1}}{{\rho }_{2}{a}^{2}\stackrel{̇}{\gamma }}=\frac{1-\beta }{Re}\frac{{\mu }_{1}}{{\mu }_{2}}$

``````event properties (i++) {
foreach () {
lam[] = Deb*f[];
mupd[] = MUr*(1. - Β)*f[]/Re;
}
boundary ({lam, mupd});
}``````

The mesh is adapted according to the errors on volume fraction and velocity.

``````event adapt (i++) {
adapt_wavelet ({f, u}, (double[]){1e-2, 1e-3, 1e-3}, MAXLEVEL, MAXLEVEL - 2);
}``````

As outputs we plot the shape of the interface at instant t = 10 and the time evolution of the deformation parameter.

``````event interface (t = 10.) {
output_facets (f);
}

event deformation (t += 0.1) {
double rmax = -HUGE, rmin = HUGE ;
foreach (reduction(max:rmax) reduction(min:rmin))
if (f[] > 0 && f[] < 1) {
coord p;
coord n = mycs (point, f);
double α = plane_alpha (f[], n);
plane_area_center (n, α, &p);
double rad  = sqrt(sq(x + Δ*p.x) + sq(y + Δ*p.y));
}
double D = (rmax - rmin)/(rmax + rmin);
fprintf (stderr, "%g %g %g %g\n", t, rmin, rmax, D);
}``````

We can optionally visualise the results with Basilisk View while we run.

``````#if 0
#include "view.h"

event viewing (i += 10) {
static FILE * fp = popen ("bppm","w");
view (width = 600, height = 300, fov = 10);
clear();
draw_vof ("f");
// squares ("u.y", linear = true);
squares ("level");
save (fp = fp);
}
#endif``````

We compare the results to those of Figueiredo et al. (2016).

## References

 [chinyoka2005] T Chinyoka, YY Renardy, M Renardy, and DB Khismatullin. Two-dimensional study of drop deformation under simple shear for Oldroyd-B liquids. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 130(1):45-56, 2005. [figueiredo2016] RA Figueiredo, CM Oishi, AM Afonso, IVM Tasso, and JA Cuminato. A two-phase solver for complex fluids: Studies of the Weissenberg effect. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 84:98-115, 2016.