sandbox/ecipriano/src/aslam.h
Aslam Extrapolations
This module implements the PDE-based Aslam extrapolation methods (Aslam 2003). Using these functions, a discontinuous field can be extended from the liquid phase to the gas-phase and vice-versa using constant and extrapolations.
These methods are expensive, since the PDE must be solved at steady-state. However, most of the times they are used just for a few steps in order to extend the field for a few cells across the interface, without covering the whole domain.
#include "mapregion.h"
#include "redistance.h"
void vof_to_ls (scalar f, scalar levelset, int imax = 3) {
double deltamin = L0/(1 << grid->maxdepth);
foreach()
levelset[] = -(2.*f[] - 1.)*deltamin*0.75;
#if TREE
restriction({levelset});
#endif
redistance (levelset, imax);
}
Constant Extrapolation
The constant extrapolation of a field f, existing only in a portion of space defined by ls, can be extrapolated in the whole domain solving the following PDE:
\displaystyle \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial t} + H(\phi)\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\nabla f = 0
where H(\phi) is the Heaviside function, used to define the region where the field should be extrapolated and where it should not be modified:
\displaystyle H(\phi) = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if } \phi > 0,\\ 0 & \text{if } \phi \leq 0. \end{cases}
while \hat{\mathbf{n}} is the unit normal.
trace
void constant_extrapolation (
scalar f, // field to extrapolate
scalar ls, // level set field
double cfl = 0.5, // CFL number
int nmax, // number of maximum time steps
(const) scalar s = {-1}, // source term, default zero
(const) scalar c = {-1}, // vof field, optional
int nl = 0, // from which layer of cells (optional, min=0, max=2)
int nointerface = 0 // remove the interface from the heaviside (default false)
)
{
scalar H[];
vector n[], gf[];
if (s.i < 0)
s = zeroc;
We compute the gradients of the level set for the calcation of the interface normals.
gradients ({ls}, {n});
We compute the normals and the heaviside function H, which is non-null in the region where the field must be extrapolated. In case of vof field, the user can decide to extrapolate the field from a layer of cells which in not adjacent to the interface. This can be specified setting the variables nl, 0 by default, it can be set to 1 or 2.
if (c.i > 0)
mapregion (H, c, nl=nl, nointerface=nointerface);
else
foreach()
H[] = (ls[] <= 0.) ? 0. : 1.;
foreach() {
double maggf = 0.;
foreach_dimension()
maggf += sq (n.x[]);
maggf = sqrt (maggf);
foreach_dimension()
n.x[] /= (maggf + 1.e-10);
}
We solve the PDE inside a loop over the maximum number of time steps that, in principle, should ensure to arrive at steady-state. In practice, less time-steps will be sufficients to extrapolate the fields over the interface.
int ts = 0;
while (ts < nmax) {
The gradients of the extrapolated functions are updated using an upwind scheme.
foreach()
foreach_dimension()
gf.x[] = (n.x[] <= 0.) ? (f[1] - f[])/Delta : (f[] - f[-1])/Delta;
We solve a single step of the PDE.
foreach() {
double dt = cfl*Delta;
double nscalargf = 0.;
foreach_dimension()
nscalargf += n.x[]*gf.x[];
f[] -= dt*H[]*(nscalargf - s[]);
}
ts++;
}
}
Linear Extrapolation
The linear extrapolation of the field f along the normal direction, can be achieved from the solution of the following PDE:
\displaystyle \dfrac{\partial f}{\partial t} + H(\phi)\left(\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\nabla f - f_n \right) = 0
Which is similar to the equation resolved with the constant extrapolation procedure, except for the source term f_n, which is the directional derivative of f in the normal direction, defined as:
\displaystyle f_n = \hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot \nabla f
Since this function is defined only in the region where f is defined, we apply the constant extrapolation in order to obtain a field f_n defined on the whole domain:
\displaystyle \dfrac{\partial f_n}{\partial t} + H(\phi)\hat{\mathbf{n}}\cdot\nabla f_n = 0
Therefore, the linear interpolation requires the solution of two different extrapolation PDEs, and the same logic applies if higher order extrapolations have to be solved.
void linear_extrapolation (
scalar f, // field to extrapolate
scalar ls, // level set field
double cfl, // CFL number
int nmax, // number of maximum time steps
(const) scalar s = {-1}, // source term, default zero
(const) scalar c = {-1}, // vof field, optional
int nl = 0, // from which layer of cells (optional, min=0, max=2)
int nointerface = 0 // remove the interface from the heaviside (default false)
)
{
scalar H[], fn[];
vector n[], gf[];
if (s.i < 0)
s = zeroc;
We compute the gradients of the level set for the calcation of the interface normals, and the gradient of f for the calculation of the directional derivative.
gradients ({ls, f}, {n, gf});
We compute the normals and the heaviside function H, which is non-null in the region where the field must be extrapolated. In case of vof field, the user can decide to extrapolate the field from a layer of cells which in not adjacent to the interface. This can be specified setting the variables nl, 0 by default, it can be set to 1 or 2.
if (c.i > 0)
mapregion (H, c, nl = (nl == 0.) ? 1. : min (nl+1, 2),
nointerface=nointerface);
else
foreach()
H[] = (ls[]+Delta <= 0.) ? 0. : 1.;
foreach() {
double maggf = 0.;
foreach_dimension()
maggf += sq (n.x[]);
maggf = sqrt (maggf);
foreach_dimension()
n.x[] /= (maggf + 1.e-10);
}
We compute the directional derviative fn.
foreach()
foreach_dimension()
fn[] += n.x[]*gf.x[];
We solve the constant extrapolation for extending the directional derivative.
int ts = 0;
while (ts < nmax) {
The gradients of the extrapolated functions are updated using an upwind scheme.
foreach()
foreach_dimension()
gf.x[] = (n.x[] <= 0.) ? (fn[1] - fn[])/Delta : (fn[] - fn[-1])/Delta;
We solve a single step of the PDE.
foreach() {
double dt = cfl*Delta;
double nscalargf = 0.;
foreach_dimension()
nscalargf += n.x[]*gf.x[];
fn[] -= dt*H[]*(nscalargf - s[]);
}
ts++;
}
We solve a constant extrapolation with source equal to the directional derivative.
if (c.i > 0)
constant_extrapolation (f, ls, cfl, nmax, fn, c, nl, nointerface);
else
constant_extrapolation (f, ls, cfl, nmax, fn);
}
References
[aslam2004partial] |
Tariq D Aslam. A partial differential equation approach to multidimensional extrapolation. Journal of Computational Physics, 193(1):349–355, 2004. |