sandbox/ecipriano/run/bubblerisengrowth.c
Rising of a Growing Bubble
Expansion of a rising bubble in a superheated environment. A spherical bubble is initialized in an AXI domain, in normal gravity conditions. The bubble is at saturation temperature while the liquid environment is superheated. The phase change pheomena, promoted by the temperature gradient between the surface of the bubble and the liquid environment leads to the expansion of the bubble. At the same time, the droplet rises the liquid column due to the presence of the gravity.
The simulation setup used here was inspired by Tanguy et al., 2014, and is characterized by \text{Ja}=3. There is no analytic solution.
The animation shows the map of the temperature field, and the evolution of the gas-liquid interface. Two different situations are considered:
High surface tension coefficient: \sigma=0.07 \text{ Nm}^{-1}, which forces the bubble to remain spherical during the entire simulation (\text{We} < 0.1).
Low surface tension coefficient \sigma=0.001 \text{ Nm}^{-1}, which leads to the bubble deformation.
Phase Change Setup
We move the interface using the velocity uf, with the expansion term shifted toward the gas-phase. In this way uf is divergence-free at the interface. The double pressure velocity couping is used to obtain an extended velocity, used to transport the gas phase tracers.
#define INT_USE_UF
#define CONSISTENTPHASE2
#define SHIFT_TO_GAS
#define INIT_TEMP
#define SOLVE_LIQONLY
Simulation Setup
We use the centered solver with the divergence source term, and the extended velocity is obtained using the centered-doubled procedure. The evaporation model is used in combination with the temperature-gradient mechanism, which manages the solution of the temperature field.
#include "axi.h"
#include "navier-stokes/centered-evaporation.h"
#include "navier-stokes/centered-doubled.h"
#include "two-phase.h"
#include "tension.h"
#include "reduced.h"
#include "evaporation.h"
#include "temperature-gradient.h"
#include "view.h"
We declare the variables required by the temperature-gradient model.
double lambda1, lambda2, cp1, cp2, dhev;
double TL0, TG0, TIntVal, Tsat, Tbulk;
Boundary conditions
Outflow boundary conditions for velocity and pressure are imposed on the top, left, and right walls. The temperature on these boundaries is imposed to the bulk value.
u.n[top] = neumann (0.);
u.t[top] = neumann (0.);
p[top] = dirichlet (0.);
uext.n[top] = neumann (0.);
uext.t[top] = neumann (0.);
pext[top] = dirichlet (0.);
u.n[left] = neumann (0.);
u.t[left] = neumann (0.);
p[left] = dirichlet (0.);
uext.n[left] = neumann (0.);
uext.t[left] = neumann (0.);
pext[left] = dirichlet (0.);
u.n[right] = neumann (0.);
u.t[right] = neumann (0.);
p[right] = dirichlet (0.);
uext.n[right] = neumann (0.);
uext.t[right] = neumann (0.);
pext[right] = dirichlet (0.);
TL[top] = dirichlet (Tbulk);
TL[right] = neumann (0.);
TL[left] = neumann (0.);
Problem Data
We declare the maximum and minimum levels of refinement, the \lambda parameter, the initial radius of the droplet, the growth constant, and additional post-processing variables.
int maxlevel = 8, minlevel = 5, sim;
double R0 = 0.1e-3;
double XC, YC;
double betaGrowth = 3.32615013;
double effective_radius;
Initial Temperature
We set the initial temperature profile to the Scriven solution.
#include <gsl/gsl_integration.h>
#pragma autolink -lgsl -lgslcblas
double intfun (double x, void * params) {
double beta = *(double *) params;
return exp(-sq(beta)*(pow(1. - x, -2.) - 2.*(1. - rho2/rho1)*x - 1 ));
}
double tempsol (double r, double R) {
gsl_integration_workspace * w
= gsl_integration_workspace_alloc (1000);
double result, error;
double beta = betaGrowth;
gsl_function F;
F.function = &intfun;
F.params = β
gsl_integration_qags (&F, 1.-R/r, 1., 1.e-9, 1.e-5, 1000,
w, &result, &error);
gsl_integration_workspace_free (w);
return Tbulk - 2.*sq(beta)*(rho2*(dhev + (cp1 - cp2)*(Tbulk - Tsat))/rho1/cp1)*result;
}
int main (void) {
We set the material properties of the fluids.
rho1 = 958.; rho2 = 0.59;
mu1 = 2.82e-4; mu2 = 1.23e-6;
lambda1 = 0.6, lambda2 = 0.026;
cp1 = 4216., cp2 = 2034.;
dhev = 2.257e+6;
The initial bubble temperature and the interface temperature are set to the saturation value.
Tbulk = 373.989, Tsat = 373., TIntVal = 373.;
TL0 = Tbulk, TG0 = TIntVal;
We change the dimension of the domain, the surface tension coefficient, and the coordinates of the center of the bubble.
L0 = 2.4e-3;
XC = 0.15*L0, YC = 0.;
We reduce the tolerance of the Poisson equation solver, and the maximum allowed time step.
TOLERANCE = 1.e-6;
DT = 1.e-5;
We add the gravity contribution using the reduced approach, which applied the gravity force just at the gas-liquid interface.
G.x = -9.81;
We define a list with the surface tension coefficients used in the two different simulations.
double sigmas[2] = {0.001, 0.07};
We set the surface tension and run the simulation.
for (sim=0; sim<=1; sim++) {
f.sigma = sigmas[sim];
init_grid (1 << maxlevel);
run();
}
}
#define circle(x, y, R) (sq(R) - sq(x - XC) - sq(y - YC))
event init (i = 0) {
fraction (f, -circle(x,y,R0));
We initialize the temperature field. The liquid phase temperature is set to the analytic value.
foreach() {
double r = sqrt( sq(x - XC) + sq(y - YC) );
#ifdef INIT_TEMP
TL[] = f[]*tempsol (r, R0);
#else
TL[] = f[]*TL0;
#endif
TG[] = (1. - f[])*TG0;
T[] = TL[] + TG[];
}
}
We refine the domain according to the interface and the temperature field.
#if TREE
event adapt (i++) {
double uemax = 1e-4;
adapt_wavelet_leave_interface ({T,u.x,u.y}, {f},
(double[]){1e-4,uemax,uemax}, maxlevel, minlevel, 1);
}
#endif
Post-Processing
The following lines of code are for post-processing purposes.
Output Files
We reconstruct the effective bubble radius and we write it on a file.
event output (i++) {
scalar fg[];
foreach()
fg[] = 1. - f[];
effective_radius = pow(3./2.*statsf(fg).sum, 1./3.);
char name[80];
sprintf (name, "OutputData-%d", maxlevel);
static FILE * fp = fopen (name, "w");
fprintf (fp, "%g %g\n", t, effective_radius);
fflush (fp);
}
Movie
We write the animation with the evolution of the temperature field and the gas-liquid interface.
event movie (t += 0.0002; t <= 0.02) {
clear();
view (theta=0., phi=0., psi=-pi/2.,
tx = 0., ty = -0.5);
draw_vof ("f", lw = 1.5);
squares ("T", min = Tsat, max = Tbulk, linear=true);
mirror ({0.,1.}) {
draw_vof ("f", lw = 1.5);
squares ("T", min = Tsat, max = Tbulk, linear=true);
}
if (sim == 0)
save ("movie1.mp4");
else
save ("movie2.mp4");
}
References
[tanguy2014benchmarks] |
Sébastien Tanguy, Michaël Sagan, Benjamin Lalanne, Frédéric Couderc, and Catherine Colin. Benchmarks and numerical methods for the simulation of boiling flows. Journal of Computational Physics, 264:1–22, 2014. |