sandbox/acastillo/output_fields/vtu/output_vtu_helpers.h

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    // Helper functions for output_vtu.h
    
    
    // Function to write the VTU file header
    void write_vtu_header(FILE *fp, long no_points, long no_cells) {
        fputs("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n", fp);
        fputs("<VTKFile type=\"UnstructuredGrid\" version=\"1.0\" byte_order=\"LittleEndian\" header_type=\"UInt64\">\n", fp);
        fputs("\t<UnstructuredGrid>\n", fp);
        fprintf(fp, "\t\t<Piece NumberOfPoints=\"%ld\" NumberOfCells=\"%ld\">\n", no_points, no_cells);    
    }
    
    // Function to write scalar data arrays to the VTU file
    void write_scalar_light_data(FILE *fp, scalar *list, vector *vlist, long *count, long no_cells) {
        fputs("\t\t\t<CellData Scalars=\"scalars\">\n", fp);
        for (scalar s in list) {
            fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Float64\" Name=\"%s\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", s.name, *count);
            *count += (no_cells * sizeof(double)) + sizeof(long);
        }
    
        for (vector v in vlist) {
            fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Float64\" Name=\"%s\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", v.x.name, *count);
            *count += (3 * no_cells * sizeof(double)) + sizeof(long);
        }
        fputs("\t\t\t</CellData>\n", fp);
    }
    
    // Function to write points data array to the VTU file
    void write_points_light_data(FILE *fp, long *count, long no_points) {    
        fputs("\t\t\t<Points>\n", fp);
        fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Float64\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", *count);
        fputs("\t\t\t</Points>\n", fp);
    
        *count += (3 * no_points * sizeof(double)) + sizeof(long);
    }
    
    // Function to write cells data arrays to the VTU file
    void write_cells_light_data(FILE *fp, long *count, long no_cells, long no_cells_offset) {
        fputs("\t\t\t<Cells>\n", fp);
    
        fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Int64\" Name=\"offsets\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", *count);
        *count += (no_cells * sizeof(long)) + sizeof(long);
    
        fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Int8\" Name=\"types\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", *count);
        *count += (no_cells * sizeof(char)) + sizeof(long);
    
        fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t\t<DataArray type=\"Int64\" Name=\"connectivity\" format=\"appended\" offset=\"%ld\"/>\n", *count);
        *count += (no_cells_offset * sizeof(long)) + sizeof(long);
    
        fputs("\t\t\t</Cells>\n", fp);
    }
    
    // Function to write appended data section to the VTU file
    void write_vtu_appended(FILE *fp) {    
        fputs("\t\t</Piece>\n", fp);
        fputs("\t</UnstructuredGrid>\n", fp);
        fputs("\t<AppendedData encoding=\"raw\">\n", fp);
        fputs("_", fp);
    }
    
    // Function to write scalar field data
    void write_scalar_heavy_data(FILE *fp, scalar *list, scalar per_mask, long no_cells) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(double);
        for (scalar s in list) {
            fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
            foreach () {
                if (per_mask[]) {
                    fwrite(&val(s), sizeof(double), 1, fp);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    void write_scalar_heavy_data_slice(FILE *fp, scalar *list, scalar per_mask, long no_cells, coord n = {0,0,1}, double _alpha = 0) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(double);
        for (scalar s in list) {
            fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
            foreach () {
                if (per_mask[]){
                    double sval;
                    if (n.x == 1)
                        sval = 0.5*(val(s) + val(s,1,0,0));
                    else if (n.y == 1)
                        sval = 0.5*(val(s) + val(s,0,1,0));
                    else
                        sval = 0.5*(val(s) + val(s,0,0,1));
                    fwrite (&sval, sizeof (double), 1, fp);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    void write_scalar_heavy_data_array(FILE *fp, long no_cells, double *pt_array_s) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(double);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (int i = 0; i < no_cells; i++) {
            fwrite(&pt_array_s[i], sizeof(double), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write vector field data
    void write_vector_heavy_data(FILE *fp, vector *vlist, scalar per_mask, long no_cells) {
        long block_len = no_cells * 3 * sizeof(double);
        for (vector v in vlist) {
            fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
            foreach () {
                if (per_mask[]) {
                    fwrite(&val(v.x), sizeof(double), 1, fp);
                    fwrite(&val(v.y), sizeof(double), 1, fp);
                    #if dimension == 2
                    double vz = 0;
                    fwrite(&vz, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
                    #elif dimension == 3
                    fwrite(&val(v.z), sizeof(double), 1, fp);
                    #endif
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    void write_vector_heavy_data_slice(FILE *fp, vector *vlist, scalar per_mask, long no_cells, coord n = {0,0,1}, double _alpha = 0) {
        long block_len = no_cells * 3 * sizeof(double);
        for (vector v in vlist) {
            fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
            foreach () {
                if (per_mask[]){
                    double xval, yval, zval;
                    if (n.x == 1) {
                        xval = 0.5*(val(v.x) + val(v.x,1,0,0));
                        yval = 0.5*(val(v.y) + val(v.y,1,0,0));
                        #if dimension == 3
                        zval = 0.5*(val(v.z) + val(v.z,1,0,0));
                        #else
                        zval = 0;
                        #endif
                    }
                    else if (n.y == 1) {
                        xval = 0.5*(val(v.x) + val(v.x,0,1,0));
                        yval = 0.5*(val(v.y) + val(v.y,0,1,0));
                        #if dimension == 3
                        zval = 0.5*(val(v.z) + val(v.z,0,1,0));
                        #else
                        zval = 0;
                        #endif
                    }
                    else {
                        xval = 0.5*(val(v.x) + val(v.x,0,0,1));
                        yval = 0.5*(val(v.y) + val(v.y,0,0,1));
                        #if dimension == 3
                        zval = 0.5*(val(v.z) + val(v.z,0,0,1));
                        #else
                        zval = 0;
                        #endif
                    }
                    fwrite (&xval, sizeof (double), 1, fp);
                    fwrite (&yval, sizeof (double), 1, fp);
                    fwrite (&zval, sizeof (double), 1, fp);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write points data
    void write_points_heavy_data(FILE *fp, long no_points) {
        long block_len = no_points * 3 * sizeof(double);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        foreach_vertex() {
            fwrite(&x, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
            fwrite(&y, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
            fwrite(&z, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    void write_points_heavy_data_slice(FILE *fp, long no_points, coord n = {0,0,1}, double _alpha = 0) {
        long block_len = no_points * 3 * sizeof(double);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        foreach_vertex() {
            shortcut_slice(n,_alpha);
            fwrite(&x, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
            fwrite(&y, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
            fwrite(&z, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write the points (vertices) data to the VTK file
    void write_points_heavy_data_array(FILE *fp, long no_points, double *pt_array_x, double *pt_array_y, double *pt_array_z) {
        long block_len = no_points * 3 * sizeof(double);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (int i = 0; i < no_points; i++) {
            fwrite(&pt_array_x[i], sizeof(double), 1, fp);
            fwrite(&pt_array_y[i], sizeof(double), 1, fp);
    #if dimension == 2
            double vz = 0;
            fwrite(&vz, sizeof(double), 1, fp);
    #elif dimension == 3
            fwrite(&pt_array_z[i], sizeof(double), 1, fp);
    #endif
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write cell offsets
    void write_cell_offsets(FILE *fp, long no_cells, char noffset) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(long);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (int i = 0; i < no_cells; i++) {
            long offset = (i + 1) * noffset;
            fwrite(&offset, sizeof(int64_t), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    void write_cell_offsets2(FILE *fp, long nfacets, long *offsets) {
        long block_len = nfacets * sizeof(long);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (int ii = 0; ii < nfacets; ii++)
            fwrite(&offsets[ii], sizeof(long), 1, fp);
    }
    
    void write_cell_offsets3(FILE *fp, long no_cells) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(long);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (long i = 0; i < no_cells; i++) {
            fwrite(&i, sizeof(int64_t), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write cell types
    void write_cell_types(FILE *fp, long no_cells, char type) {
        long block_len = no_cells * sizeof(char);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        for (int i = 0; i < no_cells; i++) {
            fwrite(&type, sizeof(char), 1, fp);
        }
    }
    
    // Function to write cell connectivity
    void write_cell_connectivity(FILE *fp, vertex scalar marker, scalar per_mask, long no_cells, char noffset) {
        long block_len = no_cells * noffset * sizeof(long);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        foreach (serial, noauto) {
            if (per_mask[]) {
                long connectivity[noffset];
                connectivity[0] = (long)marker[];
                connectivity[1] = (long)marker[1];
                connectivity[2] = (long)marker[1, 1];
                connectivity[3] = (long)marker[0, 1];
                #if dimension == 3
                connectivity[4] = (long)marker[0, 0, 1];
                connectivity[5] = (long)marker[1, 0, 1];
                connectivity[6] = (long)marker[1, 1, 1];
                connectivity[7] = (long)marker[0, 1, 1];
                #endif
                fwrite(connectivity, sizeof(long), noffset, fp);
            }
        }
    }
    
    void write_cell_connectivity_slice(FILE *fp, vertex scalar marker, scalar per_mask, long no_cells, char noffset, coord n = {0,0,1} ) {
        long block_len = no_cells * noffset * sizeof(long);
        fwrite(&block_len, sizeof(long), 1, fp);
        foreach (serial, noauto) {
            if (per_mask[]) {
                long connectivity[noffset];
                if (n.x == 1) {
                    connectivity[0] = (long)marker[1,0,0];
                    connectivity[1] = (long)marker[1,1,0];
                    connectivity[2] = (long)marker[1,1,1];
                    connectivity[3] = (long)marker[1,0,1];
                }
                else if (n.y == 1) {
                    connectivity[0] = (long)marker[0,1,0];
                    connectivity[1] = (long)marker[1,1,0];
                    connectivity[2] = (long)marker[1,1,1];
                    connectivity[3] = (long)marker[0,1,1];
                }
                else {
                    connectivity[0] = (long)marker[0,0,1];
                    connectivity[1] = (long)marker[1,0,1];
                    connectivity[2] = (long)marker[1,1,1];
                    connectivity[3] = (long)marker[0,1,1];
                }
                fwrite(connectivity, sizeof(long), noffset, fp);
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Helper function implementations (parallel)
    // Function to write the header of the PVTU file
    void write_pvtu_header(FILE *fp) {
        fputs("<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n", fp);
        fputs("<VTKFile type=\"PUnstructuredGrid\" version=\"1.0\" byte_order=\"LittleEndian\" header_type=\"UInt64\">\n", fp);
        fputs("\t<PUnstructuredGrid GhostLevel=\"0\">\n", fp);    
    }
    
    // Function to write scalar data arrays to the PVTU file
    void write_scalar_light_pdata(FILE *fp, scalar *list, vector *vlist) {
        fputs("\t\t<PCellData Scalars=\"scalars\">\n", fp);
    
        for (scalar s in list) {
            fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t<PDataArray type=\"Float64\" Name=\"%s\" format=\"appended\"/>\n", s.name);
        }
        for (vector v in vlist) {
            fprintf(fp, "\t\t\t<PDataArray type=\"Float64\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" Name=\"%s\" format=\"appended\"/>\n", v.x.name);
        }
    
        fputs("\t\t</PCellData>\n", fp);
    }
    
    // Function to write points data array to the PVTU file
    void write_points_light_pdata(FILE *fp) {    
        fputs("\t\t<PPoints>\n", fp);
        fputs("\t\t\t<PDataArray type=\"Float64\" NumberOfComponents=\"3\" format=\"appended\"/>\n", fp);
        fputs("\t\t</PPoints>\n", fp);
    }
    
    // Function to write piece references for each process's VTU file to the PVTU file
    void write_pieces_light_pdata(FILE *fp, char *subname) {
        for (int i = 0; i < npe(); i++) {
            fprintf(fp, "\t\t<Piece Source=\"%s_n%3.3d.vtu\"/>\n", subname, i);
        }
        fputs("\t</PUnstructuredGrid>\n", fp);
        fputs("</VTKFile>\n", fp);
    }
    
    
    // Function to count the number of vertices and facets
    void count_vertices_and_facets(scalar c, long *nverts, long *nfacets) {
        foreach (serial, noauto) {
            if (c[] > 1e-6 && c[] < 1. - 1e-6) {
                shortcut_facets
                for (int i = 0; i < m; i++)
                    (*nverts)++;
                if (m > 0)
                    (*nfacets)++;
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Function to populate vertex coordinates and facet offsets
    void populate_vertex_and_offset_arrays(scalar c, long nverts, long nfacets, double *pt_array_x, double *pt_array_y, double *pt_array_z, long *offsets) {
        long iverts = 0, ifacet = 0, offset = 0;
        foreach (serial, noauto) {
            if (c[] > 1e-6 && c[] < 1. - 1e-6) {
                shortcut_facets // we cycle if cell is not at the interface
    
                // Calculate and store vertex coordinates
                coord _p = {x, y, z};
                for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
                    pt_array_x[iverts] = _p.x + v[i].x * Delta;
                    pt_array_y[iverts] = _p.y + v[i].y * Delta;
    #if dimension == 3
                    pt_array_z[iverts] = _p.z + v[i].z * Delta;
    #endif
                    iverts++;
                }
                // Store facet offset if there are vertices in the facet
                if (m > 0) {
                    offset += m;
                    offsets[ifacet] = offset;
                    ifacet++;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Function to populate arrays with values at the facets
    void populate_facet_arrays(scalar c, scalar s, long nverts, long nfacets, double *val_array_s) {
        long ifacet = 0;
        foreach (serial, noauto) {
            if (c[] > 1e-6 && c[] < 1. - 1e-6) {
                shortcut_facets // we cycle if cell is not at the interface
                if (m > 0){
                    val_array_s[ifacet] = s[];
                    ifacet++;
                }
            }
        }
    }